Monday, June 11, 2012

Stock

Stock
  1. Shares ( stock ) was one of the most popular financial markets. Issuing of shares is one option the company wants to raise the company.
  2. On the other hand, the stock is an investment instrument that has been chosen because it shares the investor is able to provide an attractive rate of return.
  3. Shares can be defined as a sign of ownership of a person or party (business entity) in a corporation or limited liability company. By including the capital, then that party has a claim on corporate earnings, a claim on corporate assets, and is entitled to attend the General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS).
Get a Capital Gain
Capital Gain is the difference between purchase price and sale price.
Capital gains made ​​by the stock trading activity in the secondary market.
            For example, investors buy shares of ABC at a price of   $3,000 per share and then sell it at a price of $ 3,500 per share, which means that investors get a capital gain of $ 500 for each share sold.
 
The risk of the stock has
1.      Capital Loss
is the opposite of Capital Gains, which is a condition in which the investor sells the shares is lower than the purchase price. For example, shares of PT. Buy XYZ at a price of $ 2,000, - per share, then the share price continued to decline until it reaches $ 1,400, - per share.
For fear that stock prices will continue to fall, investors sell at a price of $ 1,400, - so that a loss amounting to $ 600, - per share.
 
2      Liquidation risk
Owned company, was declared bankrupt by a court, or the company is dissolved. In this case the claims of shareholders' rights get last priority after all liabilities to be paid (from the sale of company).
3      If there is still remaining from the sale of the company's property, then the remainder is distributed proportionally to all shareholders.
4      But if there are no residual property company, the shareholders will not gain from the liquidation. This condition is a risk that the heaviest of the shareholders. For that a shareholder is required to continuously follow the development of the company

5        In the secondary market or in activities of daily stock trading, stock prices fluctuate either increase or decrease.
6        The formation of stock prices is due to supply and demand for these shares. In other words, stock prices formed by supply and demand for these shares.
7        Supply and demand is due to many factors, both of which are specific for these shares (the performance of companies and industries where the company is moving) and the nature of macro factors such as interest rates, inflation, exchange rate and non-economic factors such as social conditions and politics, and other factors.


Saturday, June 2, 2012

SKALA PENGUKURAN DAN INSTRUMEN PENELITIAN part 1 of 2


SKALA PENGUKURAN DAN INSTRUMEN PENELITIAN
1.      Instrumen penelitian digunakan untuk mengukur nilai variabel yang diteliti.
2.      Jumlah instrumen tergantung jumlah variabel
3.      Instrumen ada yang bersifat baku, tetapi juga masih ada yang harus dibuat sendiri
4.      Setiap instrumen harus mempunyai skala

A. jenis-Jenis Skala Pengukuran
      Skala Likert – digunakan untuk mengukur sikap, pendapat dan persepsi tentang fenomena sosial
      Dengan skala ini, variabel yg akan diukur dijabarkan menjadi indikator  variabel  dan indikator inilah yang dijadikan untuk menyusun item pernyataan atau pertanyaan penelitian. Misal 


  1. Sangat setuju                                                                          
  2. Setuju
  3. Ragu-ragu
  4. Tidak setuju
  5. Sangat tidak setuju

  1. Selalu
  2. Sering
  3. Kadang-kadang
  4. Tidak pernah
  1. Sangat positif
  2. Positif
  3. Negatif
  4. Sangat negatif

a.       Sangat baik
b.      Baik
c.       Tidak baik
d.      Sangat tidak baik

Untuk keperluan analisis kuantitatif, maka jawaban itu dapat diberi skor, misalnya:
  1. Setuju/selalu/sangat positif diberi skor :5
  2. setuju./sering/positif diberi skor : 4
  3. Ragu-ragu/kadang-kadang/netral diberi skor: 3
  4. Tidak setuju/hampir tidak pernah/negatif skor: 2
  5. Sangat tdk setuju/tdk pernah diberi skor:1
Instrumen penelitian skala likert dpt berbentuk checklist or pilihan ganda


a. Contoh checklist



 
  • Berdasarkan  data tsb 65 orang (40 + 25) atau 65% men-jawab ST dan SS à artinya mayoritas karyawan setuju dengan metode kerja baru tersebut.
  • Data interval tsb juga dapat dianalisis dgn menghitung rerata jawaban berdasarkan skoring setiap jawaban dari responden dengan rumus:
Jumlah skor = f x bobot
Kemudian jlh skor dr semua kategori ditotal
  • Jlh skor ideal (kriterium) u/ seluruh iten = 5 x 100 = 500 (seandainya semua menjawab SS). Namun jlh skor dari contoh ini hanya 350. Dgn demikian berdasarkan data, maka tingkat persetujuan karyawan terhadap metode kerja baru adalah: (350 : 500) x 100% = 70% dari yang diharapkan dan secara kontinum dpt digambarkan sbb: 
 
b. Contoh Pilihan Ganda
Jawablah pertanyaan berikut sesuai dgn pendapat Saudara dgn cara melingkari salah satu jawaban yg tersedia.
Prosedur kerja yang baru akan segera diterapkan di perusahaan Saudara
  1. Sangat setuju
  2. Setuju
  3. Ragu-ragu      
  4. Tidak setuju
  5. Sangat tdk setuju
  Dalam menyusun instrumen untuk variabel ter-tentu sebaiknya butir2 pertanyaan dibuat dalam bentuk kalimat positif, netral, dan atau negatif, sehingga responden dapat menjawab dgn serius dan konsisten





 

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